Early retirement savings withdrawals usually incur a 10% penalty plus income tax, but exceptions exist. The 72(t) rule allows penalty-free IRA or 401(k) withdrawals if distributions follow IRS methods and continue for five years or until age 59½. The Rule of 55 permits penalty-free 401(k) withdrawals after leaving an employer at age 55 or older. Roth IRA contributions can be withdrawn anytime tax- and penalty-free. New rules allow $1,000 annual emergency withdrawals and expanded hardship access.